s mutans ua159 strain  (ATCC)

Journal: Journal of Oral Microbiology

Article Title: Water-insoluble exopolysaccharide synthesized by glucosyltransferases mediates the antibacterial activity of ClyR against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1080/20002297.2025.2566894

Figure Lengend Snippet: The ∆ gtfB mutant lacking GtfB exhibited increased resistance to ClyR. (A) Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE gel showing the Gtfs content in the culture supernatant of S. mutans UA159 and the ∆ gtfB mutant, with arrows indicating GtfC and GtfD bands. (B) Zymogram assay detecting water-insoluble EPS synthesis activity of Gtfs. Bands corresponding to water-insoluble EPS are labeled. (C) 10-fold serial dilutions of bacteria were spotted onto BHIA plates 1 h and 7 h after treatment with and without ClyR, followed by observation and CFU counting after 48 h. (D) Survival rates of S. mutans UA159 and ∆ gtfB were assessed 1 h and 7 h after exposure to ClyR (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).

Article Snippet: The S. mutans UA159 strain was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA, USA), and its derivative was provided by the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases at Sichuan University.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Staining, SDS Page, Activity Assay, Labeling, Bacteria

Journal: Journal of Oral Microbiology

Article Title: Water-insoluble exopolysaccharide synthesized by glucosyltransferases mediates the antibacterial activity of ClyR against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1080/20002297.2025.2566894

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biomass and structure of S. mutans UA159 and ∆gtfB biofilms after ClyR treatment. (A) Biofilm morphology and biomass of S. mutans UA159 and ∆ gtfB were examined using SEM (× 20,000 magnification) and CLSM. (B) Quantification of biofilm thickness loss, water-insoluble EPS loss, and bacterial reduction after ClyR treatment for both strains (** p < 0.01).

Article Snippet: The S. mutans UA159 strain was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA, USA), and its derivative was provided by the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases at Sichuan University.

Techniques:

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibitory effect of BBR on the growth of bacteria. ( A ) The MIC and MBC values of BBR against planktonic bacteria. 10 6 CFU/mL bacteria in BHI broth were incubated with final concentrations of BBR ranging from 25 to 400 μg/mL anaerobically at 37°C for 24 h. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of BBR that inhibited visible bacterial growth. At the termination of the MIC assay, a volume of the culture was struck on BHIA and incubated to observe growth. The MBC was defined as the lowest concentration that yielded no colony growth by subculturing on BHIA plates. ( B–F ) The 24 h growth curve of planktonic S. mutans UA159, S. mutans ATCC 25175, S. mutans GS-5, S. gordonii DL-1, and S. mitis ATCC 6249 incubated under anaerobic conditions with/without treatment of BBR in a 96-well plate. The absorbance of each well was recorded every hour. ( G and H ) The short-term antibacterial effect of BBR on S. mutans UA159 was assessed by measuring the average number of CFU. S. mutans UA159 was treated with BBR for 5 min ( G ) and 10 min ( H ). The suspensions were then diluted and plated onto BHIA plates and incubated under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for 24 h to determine CFU counts. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (** P ＜0.01, *** P ＜0.001).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Bacteria, Incubation, Concentration Assay, Subculturing Assay

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of BBR on the biofilm formation of S. mutans . In these assays, BBR was incubated with S. mutans in BHIS for 24 h to evaluate its effect on the biofilm formation. ( A ) The crystal violet staining of S. mutans 24 h biofilms under the treatment of BBR. The images were taken from a 24-well cell culture plate. ( B ) The results of the crystal violet staining assay applied to S. mutans biofilms after treated with different concentrations of BBR for 24 h in BHIS. ( C ) SEM micro-images of S. mutans 24 h biofilms on glass coverslips. In the control group, S. mutans bacteria formed dense biofilms covered with large amounts of EPS (red arrows). Disrupted biofilm skeleton (yellow arrows) and enlarged biofilm pores (green arrows) were observed under the treatment of 50 µg/mL of BBR. Only a small number of morphologically irregular S. mutans and cell contents were observed under the treatment of 100 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL of BBR (purple arrows). Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Incubation, Staining, Cell Culture, Control, Bacteria

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantification of S. mutans biofilm after treatment of BBR. ( A ) Double-labeling imaging of S. mutans 24 h biofilms formed on glass coverslips. Live bacteria were green-labeled, and dead bacteria were red-labeled. ( B ) BBR reduced the proportion of live bacteria in S. mutans biofilms. ( C ) The effect of BBR on S. mutans biofilm formation was assessed by measuring the average number of CFU in the biofilm in one well of the culture plate. The analysis was performed using Image J COMSTAT software. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Labeling, Imaging, Bacteria, Software

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of BBR on eradicating the S. mutans mature biofilms. ( A ) Double-labeling imaging of S. mutans mature biofilms treated with BBR. Live and dead bacteria were green-labeled and red-labeled, respectively. ( B ) BBR decreases the proportion of live bacteria in S. mutans mature biofilms. ( C ) The effect of BBR on eradicating the S. mutans mature biofilms was measured by the determination of the average number of CFUs in the biofilm. The S. mutans biofilms were cultured for 24 h without BBR. Then, BBR solution was added to each well for another 24 h. The data were collected at 48 h. The analysis was performed using Image J COMSTAT software. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Labeling, Imaging, Bacteria, Cell Culture, Software

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: BBR inhibited S. mutans virulence factors. ( A ) Effect of BBR on the biofilm structure of S. mutans observed by CLSM. Double-labeling imaging of S. mutans 24 h biofilm formed on glass coverslips. The fluorescence (SYTO 9) marks the live bacteria, while the red fluorescence (Concanavalin A-TRITC) marks the EPS synthesized by S. mutans . ( B ) Quantification of the amounts of EPS and bacteria in each scanned layer of S. mutans 24 h biofilm without the treatment of BBR. ( C ) Quantification of the amounts of EPS and bacteria in each scanned layer of S. mutans 24 h biofilm with the treatment of 50 µg/mL BBR. ( D ) Quantitative measurement of water-insoluble EPS by anthrone-sulfuric method. ( E ) Measurement of lactic acid production. ( F and G ) Effect of BBR on S. mutans glycolytic pH drop under 1% ( F ) and 0.1% ( G ) glucose. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Labeling, Imaging, Fluorescence, Bacteria, Synthesized

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: The bactericidal mechanism of BBR on S. mutans . ( A ) Effect of BBR on aggregation. ( B ) Membrane depolarization activity of BBR was tested using DiSC3(5). ( C ) TEM micrographs of S. mutans . Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (* P ＜0.05, *** P ＜0.001).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Membrane, Activity Assay

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of BBR on S. mutans gene expression. The relative mRNA expressions of gtfB , gtfC , gtfD , ldh , vicR , liaR , and comD were measured by qRT-PCR. S. mutans UA159 16S rRNA was used as an internal control. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001, ns, not statistically significant compared to the untreated control group).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Quantitative RT-PCR, Control

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sequences of primers used in this study

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques:

Journal: mBio

Article Title: Fructose activates a stress response shared by methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide in Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1128/mbio.00485-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Volcano plots illustrating transcriptomes of four treatments. S. mutans UA159 was grown to the exponential phase in a synthetic fortified M1 medium with citrate (FMC) containing 20 mM glucose. The samples were treated for 30 min with 5 mM methylglyoxal, 50 mM fructose, or 50 mM glucose before harvesting for mRNA sequencing. Differential expression analyses were performed against untreated cells using edgeR, with cutoffs for fold change >2 and false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05. Upregulated genes are shown in red and downregulated ones in blue. The results of treatment by H 2 O 2 (0.5 mM, 5 min) were from an independent study .

Article Snippet: To mimic the physiological impact on bacteria when humans consume a large dose of fructose in food or drinks, we cultured S. mutans strain UA159 (from ATCC) in a glucose-based medium to the exponential phase and then treated the cells with 50 mM fructose for 30 min, which were immediately processed for RNA-seq analysis in comparison to untreated controls.

Techniques: Sequencing, Quantitative Proteomics

Journal: mBio

Article Title: Fructose activates a stress response shared by methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide in Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1128/mbio.00485-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptomic overlaps among treatments of methylglyoxal (MG), fructose, glucose, and H 2 O 2 . The Venn diagrams show the numbers of shared and unique genes in the genome of UA159, separated into groups of upregulated and downregulated, among treatments of ( A ) 5 mM MG and 0.5 mM H 2 O 2 , ( B ) MG and 50 mM fructose (Fru), ( C ) MG and 50 mM glucose (Glc50), and ( D ) all four treatments.

Article Snippet: To mimic the physiological impact on bacteria when humans consume a large dose of fructose in food or drinks, we cultured S. mutans strain UA159 (from ATCC) in a glucose-based medium to the exponential phase and then treated the cells with 50 mM fructose for 30 min, which were immediately processed for RNA-seq analysis in comparison to untreated controls.

Techniques:

Journal: mBio

Article Title: Fructose activates a stress response shared by methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide in Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1128/mbio.00485-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fructose impacts metal homeostasis in Δ zccR deficient in zinc expulsion. S. mutans strains UA159 and its mutant derivatives were diluted from exponential phase cultures into TV supplemented with 20 mM glucose ( A ) or fructose ( B ). Mn 2+ was added at 25 µM (MnSO 4 ). Growth was monitored using a Synergy 2 plate reader maintained at 37°C. Results are an average of three biological replicates, each tested in technical duplicates. Error bars denote SDs.

Article Snippet: To mimic the physiological impact on bacteria when humans consume a large dose of fructose in food or drinks, we cultured S. mutans strain UA159 (from ATCC) in a glucose-based medium to the exponential phase and then treated the cells with 50 mM fructose for 30 min, which were immediately processed for RNA-seq analysis in comparison to untreated controls.

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Journal: mBio

Article Title: Fructose activates a stress response shared by methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide in Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1128/mbio.00485-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fructose impacts the growth of spxA1 in a medium-specific manner. S. mutans strains UA159 and various mutant derivatives were each diluted from exponential phase cultures into TV ( A ) or FMC ( B and C ) supplemented with 20 mM glucose (Glc) or fructose (Fru). Growth was monitored using a Synergy 2 plate reader maintained at 37°C. Results are an average of three biological replicates, each tested in technical duplicates. Error bars denote SDs.

Article Snippet: To mimic the physiological impact on bacteria when humans consume a large dose of fructose in food or drinks, we cultured S. mutans strain UA159 (from ATCC) in a glucose-based medium to the exponential phase and then treated the cells with 50 mM fructose for 30 min, which were immediately processed for RNA-seq analysis in comparison to untreated controls.

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Journal: mBio

Article Title: Fructose activates a stress response shared by methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide in Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1128/mbio.00485-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Induction of the sodA promoter by fructose. ( A ) Cultures of UA159 harboring a P sodA::gfp fusion were diluted into FMC containing specified concentrations (in mM) of glucose (G), fructose (F), or H 2 O 2 . The cultures were monitored in a Synergy 2 plate reader for green fluorescence and optical densities (OD 600 ) for 20 h. ( B ) The same experiment was performed on various mutants derived from UA159/P sodA::gfp , using FMC containing 20 mM glucose (G20) or fructose (F20). The relative fluorescence units (RFU) of each culture were recorded as a measure of sodA promoter activity, subtracted with RFUs of a control strain (the same genetic background but without the gfp fusion) cultured under the same condition, and normalized against corresponding OD 600 values of the bacterial cultures. Results are the average from three biological replicates, conducted in technical duplicates. Error bars denote SDs.

Article Snippet: To mimic the physiological impact on bacteria when humans consume a large dose of fructose in food or drinks, we cultured S. mutans strain UA159 (from ATCC) in a glucose-based medium to the exponential phase and then treated the cells with 50 mM fructose for 30 min, which were immediately processed for RNA-seq analysis in comparison to untreated controls.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Derivative Assay, Activity Assay, Control, Cell Culture

Journal: mBio

Article Title: Fructose activates a stress response shared by methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide in Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1128/mbio.00485-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fructose promotes long-term survival of S. mutans . Cultures of S. mutans UA159 ( A and B ) or ∆ fruI ( B ) were diluted into FMC containing 20 mM of glucose (G20) or fructose (F20), or a combination of 19 mM glucose and 1 mM fructose (G19/F1), followed by incubation without medium refreshment for 11 days. At specified time points, an aliquot of culture was removed for CFU enumeration. Each strain was represented by three independent cultures, with results presenting average and SD. Statistical significance was assessed using ( A ) one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s comparisons against G20 samples and ( B ) two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons against G20 samples (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: To mimic the physiological impact on bacteria when humans consume a large dose of fructose in food or drinks, we cultured S. mutans strain UA159 (from ATCC) in a glucose-based medium to the exponential phase and then treated the cells with 50 mM fructose for 30 min, which were immediately processed for RNA-seq analysis in comparison to untreated controls.

Techniques: Incubation

Journal: mBio

Article Title: Fructose activates a stress response shared by methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide in Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1128/mbio.00485-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fructose enhances acidogenicity ( A ) and competitiveness ( B ) of S. mutans . ( A ) pH drop assay. UA159 was cultured in TV with 20 mM glucose or fructose to exponential phase and harvested and resuspended in a solution of 50 mM KCl and 1 mM MgCl 2 , with OD 600 adjusted to 5.0. The pH was adjusted to 7.2 slowly with 0.1 N KOH to consume intracellular carbohydrate storage. Immediately after the addition of 50 mM glucose or fructose, the same as the sugar used in the TV medium, the pH of the suspension was monitored continuously on a stirring plate for the next 60 min. Each experiment was repeated three times , with representative results shown here. After conversion into proton concentrations, the area under the curve (AUC, see inset) of each sample was calculated and used to assess statistical significance using Student’s t -test (*, P < 0.05). ( B ) Cultures of S. mutans wild-type UA159 or ∆ fruI were mixed at a 1:1 ratio with a differentially marked SSA strain, then diluted at 1:100 into FMC containing glucose (G) or fructose (F), each used at 20 mM or 200 mM. After 24 h of incubation, the cultures were sonicated and used for CFU enumeration. CFUs from both the start and end of the incubation were used to calculate competitive indices. The results were the average of three independent repeats, with error bars denoting SDs. Statistical significance was assessed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01).

Article Snippet: To mimic the physiological impact on bacteria when humans consume a large dose of fructose in food or drinks, we cultured S. mutans strain UA159 (from ATCC) in a glucose-based medium to the exponential phase and then treated the cells with 50 mM fructose for 30 min, which were immediately processed for RNA-seq analysis in comparison to untreated controls.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Suspension, Incubation, Sonication

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Oxidative stability of chelated Sn(II) (aq) at neutral pH: The critical role of NO 3 − ions

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adq0839

Figure Lengend Snippet: Growth inhibition studies using ( A ) S. mutans and ( B ) P. gingivalis . ( C ) Inflammation control on LPS-challenged HEK-hTLR4 cells as a function of Sn(II)-PP-NO 3 , Sn(II)-PP, and control compounds.

Article Snippet: S. mutans (American Type Culture Collection, UA159) and P. gingivalis (American Type Culture Collection, 33277) were cultured respectively in either TSB at 37°C or TSB prepared with hemin and menadione at a final concentration of 5 and 1 μg/ml, respectively, at 37°C under anaerobic conditions.

Techniques: Inhibition, Control